Tomás de Aquino, Santo

"Santo Tomás de Aquino (en italiano, Tommaso d'Aquino; Roccasecca, Italia, 1224/1225-Abadía de Fossanova, 7 de marzo de 1274), fraile, teólogo y filósofo católico perteneciente a la Orden de Predicadores, es considerado el principal representante de la enseñanza escolástica y una de las mayores figuras de la teología sistemática. En materia de metafísica, su obra representa una de las fuentes más citadas del siglo XIII, además de ser punto de referencia de las escuelas del pensamiento tomista y neotomista. La Iglesia católica lo nombra Doctor Angélico, Doctor Común y Doctor de la Humanidad y considera su obra fundamental para los estudios de filosofía y teología. Fue el principal defensor clásico de la teología natural. Fue popular por su aceptación y comentarios sobre las obras de Aristóteles, señalando en qué eran compatibles con la fe católica. Asimismo, recibió influencias del platonismo de Agustín de Hipona, y aristotelismo de Averroes y de Maimónides, a quienes tomaba como autoridades. Sus obras más conocidas son la Summa theologiae, un compendio de la doctrina católica en la cual trata 495 cuestiones divididas en artículos (aquí se encuentran sus cinco vías), y la Summa contra gentiles, compendio de apología filosófica de la fe católica, que consta de 410 capítulos agrupados en cuatro libros, redactado a petición de Raimundo de Peñafort. A Tomás se le debe el rescate y reinterpretación de la metafísica y una obra de teología monumental, así como una teoría del Derecho que sería muy consultada posteriormente. Canonizado en 1323, fue declarado Doctor de la Iglesia en 1567 y santo patrón de las universidades y centros de estudio católicos en 1880. Su festividad se celebra el 28 de enero. El filósofo inglés Anthony Kenny considera que Tomás es "uno de los más grandes filósofos del mundo occidental"."

"Thomas Aquinas (/kwans/; Italian: Tommaso d'Aquino, lit.'Thomas of Aquino'; 1225 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church. An immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism, he is also known within the latter as the Doctor Angelicus, the Doctor Communis, and the Doctor Universalis. The name Aquinas identifies his ancestral origins in the county of Aquino in present-day Lazio, Italy. Among other things, he was a prominent proponent of natural theology and the father of a school of thought (encompassing both theology and philosophy) known as Thomism. He argued that God is the source of both the light of natural reason and the light of faith. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy developed or opposed his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. Unlike many currents in the Catholic Church of the time, Thomas embraced several ideas put forward by Aristotle whom he called "the Philosopher" and attempted to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christianity. His best-known works are the Disputed Questions on Truth (12561259), the Summa contra Gentiles (12591265), and the unfinished but massively influential Summa Theologica, or Summa Theologiae (12651274). His commentaries on Scripture and on Aristotle also form an important part of his body of work. Furthermore, Thomas is distinguished for his eucharistic hymns, which form a part of the church's liturgy. The Catholic Church honors Thomas Aquinas as a saint and regards him as the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology. In modern times, under papal directives, the study of his works was long used as a core of the required program of study for those seeking ordination as priests or deacons, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law). Thomas Aquinas is considered one of the Catholic Church's greatest theologians and philosophers. Pope Benedict XV declared: "This (Dominican) Order ... acquired new luster when the Church declared the teaching of Thomas to be her own and that Doctor, honored with the special praises of the Pontiffs, the master and patron of Catholic schools." The English philosopher Anthony Kenny considers Thomas to be "one of the dozen greatest philosophers of the western world"."